indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inferiority (e.g. numerical); inferior position; disadvantage; unfavorable situation; unfavourable situation
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
obvious; clear; plain; evident; apparent; explicit
at once; immediately; right away; directly (face, lead to, etc.); automatically (mean, result in, etc.)
capitulation; surrender; submission; yield
young lady of noble birth; princess (esp. in Western contexts, tales, etc.); girl; small; cute; (arch.) prostitute
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
indicates uncertainty or second hand nature of information quoted
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be defeated; to be beaten; to be unsuccessful; to lose
plant (i.e. equipment, machinery, etc.); plant; vegetation
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
water filtration plant; water purification plant
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
domination; rule; direction; management; control (e.g. over one's emotions); determining (e.g. one's fate)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
destruction; disruption; (application) crash
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
interrogative sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to recommend (someone to do); to advise; to recommend (a book, someone for a position, etc.); to suggest; to offer (a drink, cigarette, seat, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to put to shame; to humiliate; to disgrace; to rape; to assault; to violate
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
ancestor; forefather; foremother