indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
inferiority (e.g. numerical); inferior position; disadvantage; unfavorable situation; unfavourable situation
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
obvious; clear; plain; evident; apparent; explicit
at once; immediately; right away; directly (face, lead to, etc.); automatically (mean, result in, etc.)
surrender; capitulation; submission; yield
young lady of noble birth; princess (esp. in Western contexts, tales, etc.); girl; small; cute; (arch.) prostitute
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
pride (in one's achievements, possessions, etc.); self-praise; boast
... or something (like that); ... or whatever; so-called ...; a certain ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be defeated; to be beaten; to be unsuccessful; to lose
plant (i.e. equipment, machinery, etc.); plant; vegetation
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
water filtration plant; water purification plant
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
(surprise) attack; assault; raid; charge
dragon (esp. a Chinese dragon); naga; semi-divine human-cobra chimera in Hindu and Buddhist mythology; promoted rook
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
rule; domination; direction; management; control (of one's destiny, public opinion, etc.); governing
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
another place; some other place; another (person or thing); other; beyond (one's expectations, imagination, etc.); outside
aim (of a gun, bow, etc.); aim; object; objective
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
destruction; disruption; (application) crash
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention; motive
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
interrogative sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
why; how; for what reason
to recommend (someone to do); to advise; to recommend (a book, someone for a position, etc.); to suggest; to offer (a drink, cigarette, seat, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to humiliate; to disgrace; to put to shame; to violate; to (sexually) assault; to rape
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)