to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
then; and then; and; if so; because then; if that's the case
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
adds force or indicates command
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
immediately; at once; soon; before long; easily; readily
great hurry; great haste; rush
father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
easy; trifling; harmless; nothing of the sort; not at all
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
direct; immediate; personal; firsthand
explanation; exposition; description; account; caption; legend
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica)
suffix for familiar person
to fail; to blunder; to mess up; to be dismissed; to be fired
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis