indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
breaking through; breakthrough; surmounting; overcoming; exceeding; passing
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
what (e.g. "what rudeness"); what (something) is like
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to cure; to heal; to fix; to correct; to do over again; to replace
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
muscle; tendon; vein; artery; fiber; fibre; line
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
route map (buses, trains, etc.)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
phew; whew; huff; whoo; wohoo
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
perhaps; possibly; by some chance; by some possibility
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
than; from; out of; except; but; more
excerpt; extract; annotation; shō (unit of volume, approx. 1.8 ml)
telephone call; phone call; telephone (device); phone
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to say; to speak; to tell; to talk
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to decide to; to pretend that; to make a practice of doing; to make it a rule to
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
how many years; how long; what year
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
such; like that; that sort of; very