indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
castle wall; town walls; defensive wall; rampart
breaking through; breakthrough; surmounting (a difficulty); overcoming; exceeding; passing
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
what (e.g. "what rudeness"); what (something) is like
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to repair; to mend; to change; to alter; to put back; to put away; to cure
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
muscle; tendon; vein; artery; fiber; fibre; line
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
route map (for buses, trains, etc.)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
phew; whew; huff; whoo; woohoo
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
you; before (a god, nobleman, etc.); in front of
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
perhaps; possibly; by some chance; by some possibility
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
than; rather than; instead of; from; out of; except
excerpt; extract; annotation; shō (unit of volume, approx. 1.8 ml)
telephone call; phone call; telephone (device); phone
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; penis; (one's) thing
to say; to speak; to tell; to be called
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to sell; to betray; to sell out (one's friend, country, etc.); to make (oneself) known; to establish (a reputation) for oneself; to pick (a fight, quarrel, etc.)
to decide to; to pretend that; to make a practice of doing; to make it a rule to
look!; see!; here!; there!; hey!
how many years; how long; what year
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
such; like that; that sort of