indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
society; public; community; social studies
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
state of mind; mentality; psychology
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
mental condition; state of mind; mentality
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
success; achievement; succeeding (in life); (worldly) success; prosperity
soul; spirit; willpower; vitality; something as important as one's own life; something invaluable
numerical value; figure; result; reading (on a meter, etc.)
people; men and women; each person; everybody
to commit a crime; to commit a sin
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to judge; to try; to sit in judgement (on); to decide (on)
judgement; judgment; refereeing; umpiring; judgement (of God); referee
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make a decision; to draw a conclusion; to give a judgement; to hand down a verdict; to let go down; to lower; to do oneself
(former) Ministry of Health and Welfare
monitoring; watching; observation; surveillance; guarding; supervision
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
(national) isolationism; isolation policy
by means of; due to; because of; according to
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
dispute; conflict; trouble; unrest; strife
tragedy; tragic drama; tragic play; tragedy; calamity; disaster
to escape (disaster, death, etc.); to be saved from; to be rescued from; to avoid (e.g. punishment); to evade (e.g. responsibility); to avert
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; penis; (one's) thing
sacrifice; victim (esp. someone killed); casualty; sacrifice (to a deity)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
to forget completely; to leave behind
don't you think?; indicates question
answer; reply; response; answer; solution; result