indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
tumult; great noise; clatter; hustle and bustle
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
far away; distant place; long ago; far back; by far
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
ripple (on water); wavelets; ripple (e.g. of uneasiness); unrest; disturbance
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
incessant; constant; continuous; perpetual; everlasting
to resound; to be heard far away; to reverberate; to shake; to come (home); to remain (with someone)
busy; occupied; hectic; restless; hurried; fidgety
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to sit; to squat; to assume (a position); to hold steady; to hold still
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
to notice; to recognize; to recognise; to become aware of; to perceive; to realize
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
to step aside; to move (i.e. out of the way); to make way
one's turn; one's shift; one's turn on stage; screen time; screentime
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
skillful; skilled; proficient; flattery
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
three; three years of age
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
natural; reasonable; obvious; usual; common; ordinary
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...