and; thereupon; because of that
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
hero; heroine; Eroica Symphony (Beethoven, 1804); Heroic Polonaise (Chopin)
blue; azure; green; green light (traffic); black (horse coat color); blue 5-point card; immature
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
class (e.g. school); grade; rank; kyū; kyu; junior rank in martial arts, go, shogi, etc.
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
appeal; call for something; request; axiom
cooperation; collaboration
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
assistance; help; aid; support; reinforcement
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to want; to wish for; to request; to demand; to seek; to search for
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to take someone's life; to kill someone
cannot (due to external circumstances); cannot afford to; must not; impossible to; no way one can (do)
knowledge; awareness; consent; acceptance; forgiving; pardoning
first of all; to begin with; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
honorific/polite/humble prefix
name; given name; first name
to ask; to inquire; to implore (a god for an oracle); to seek direction (from your superior); to visit; to speak to (a large crowd at a theatre, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
good; OK; all right; fine; very well; will do
don't you think?; indicates question
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to be called; to do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
summons; summonsing; citation; subpoena; arraigning; calling
setting (someone) to work; employment; using; causative (verb, etc.)