great antiquity; old-fashioned; long ago
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
book; volume; this; present; main; head
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
all; entire; whole; altogether
to track down; to locate; to find out; to smoke out; to ferret out; to chase up
to borrow; to have a loan; to rent; to hire
interesting; fascinating; amusing; funny; enjoyable; fun
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to come together; to merge; to fit; to match; to be profitable; to be equitable
various; all sorts of; variety of; (arch.) various colors (colours)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
joint ownership; co-ownership; sharing (e.g. a viewpoint); sharing (files, devices on a network, posts on social media, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
happy; glad; pleased; joyful; delightful; gratifying
only; merely; but; no more than
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
manuscript; copy; draft; notes; contribution
to receive; to get; to accept; to take; to interpret; to understand
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
circumstances; conditions; situation; reasons; state of affairs
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
author; writer; novelist; artist