time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Common Era; CE; Christian Era; Western (Gregorian) calendar
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
change; alteration; modification
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to plan; to form a plan; to scheme; to envision; to intend to do
time; hour; period; class
going upstream; sailing against the current
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
to be destroyed; to perish; to go out (e.g. fire); to destroy; to get rid of; to extinguish
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
sword; dagger; knife; bayonet
than; from; out of; except; but; more
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
we; us; (arch.) I; (arch.) me; (arch.) you (referring to a group of one's equals or inferiors)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
life or death struggle; mortal combat; struggle to the death
to unfold; to unroll; to open
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
seeming; giving the appearance of; giving one the feeling of
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
tea; tea plant (Camellia sinensis); tea preparation; making tea; brown; (arch.) mockery
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
how; in what way; how about
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
Osaka (city); (arch.) large hill
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
older brother; elder brother
siblings; brothers and sisters; brothers; siblings-in-law; brothers-in-law; mate
tool; means; ingredients (added to soup, rice, etc.); counter for sets of armor, utensils, furniture, etc.
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
horse; horse racing; promoted bishop
hmm; well ...; humph; roughly; harshly; violently
to collect; to assemble; to gather
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
to be needed; to be wanted
why; oh; no!; quit it!; stop!