pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
is something wrong?; what's wrong?; what's the matter?; slightest; mere; trivial
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
head (of a household); proprietor (of a store); proprietress; (arch.) entertaining someone as one's guest
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
going into battle; departure for the front
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to abate; to weaken; to be emaciated; to be dejected; to be perplexed
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
what?!; what did you say?!; why?; what for?; anyone; anything
face; honour; meld; lineup (of players participating in a mahjong game); attendees (e.g. at a meeting); members
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hard fight; close game; struggle; tight contest
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
repatriation; return; (electrical) feedback
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
possibly; apparently; (seem) likely; somehow or other; with difficulty; barely
now; the present time; just now; another; more
chest; breast; breasts; bosom; heart; lungs; stomach
unevenness (of colour, paint, etc.); irregularity; unevenness (of quality, results, behaviour, etc.); inconsistency; fickleness; capriciousness
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
while; during; while; although; all; both
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
opposite; opposition; versus; vs.; to (e.g. "winning a game five to three"); equal footing
to excuse oneself; to take one's leave; to quit; to resign; to decline; to turn down
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
certain; sure; definite; reliable; sound; solid
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to come out all right; to take care of itself; to be OK
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
sword; dagger; knife; bayonet
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
man (esp. one who is well-respected); samurai; person (in a certain profession, esp. licensed); member