indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Shōwa era (1926.12.25-1989.1.7); reminiscent of the Shōwa era; Shōwa- nostalgic; old-fashioned
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
June; sixth month of the lunar calendar
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
young bird; chick; fledgling; hina doll; doll displayed during the Girls' Festival
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
each time it happens; at all such times
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
people; men and women; each person; everybody
action; conduct; behaviour; behavior; mobilization; mobilisation
way to die; means of dying; quality of one's death
various; varied; diverse; all sorts of
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
direction; way; person; lady; method of; manner of; care of ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
for example; for instance; e.g.
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
strange; odd; peculiar; queer; curious
persecution complex; paranoia