indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
oneself (itself, etc.); I; me; you; by oneself (itself, etc.); interjection expressing anger or chagrin
adds force or indicates command
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
now; the present time; just now; another; more
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
to need; to call for; to require
monkey (esp. the Japanese macaque, Macaca fuscata); ape; sly person; idiot; hick; sliding wooden bolt (for holding a door or window shut); clasp used to control the height of a pot-hook
head; chief; boss; leader
wheat straw; barley straw
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...