indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
poison; toxicant; harm; evil influence; ill will; spite
generation; the world; the age
festival; feast; carnival
looking; viewing; (please) try (to)