indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
next (e.g. "next April"); forthcoming; coming; to come; to arrive; to be due to
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
anchorage; anchoring; mooring
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
hard to reach place; remote place
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
(not) anywhere; nowhere; everywhere; anywhere
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
quite; entirely; completely; as if; as though; just like
ghost; specter; spectre; apparition; phantom
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
doing; in such a state; doing together; doing to each other; familiarizing suffix (sometimes meaning "small")
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
idiot; moron; trivial matter; folly; stupid; foolish
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
clover (Trifolium repens); white clover; Dutch clover; clubs (card suit)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
counter for ships (large boats); counter for half of a pair (e.g. half of a folding screen); counter for fish, birds, arrows, etc.