ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
deplorable; regrettable; disappointing; vexing; unfortunate
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
though; although; be that as it may; nonetheless
(fixing) boundaries for religious practices; prohibition (of items, people, spirits, etc. that would hinder Buddhist practice); fence between inner and outer sanctums in a temple; (arch.) short two or three-fold lattice around the front desk of a store; barrier; dimensional barrier
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
key; lock; key (to a problem); clue
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
myself; yourself; I; me; you
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to destroy; to crush; to break by striking; to spoil; to ruin
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
choices; alternatives; options
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
aloes wood (Taxus cuspidata var. nana); aloes-wood perfume; aloes-wood incense
is it?; isn't it?; be; is
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
idiot; moron; trivial matter; folly; stupid; foolish
he; she; that person; that; that one; that thing
indicates position in a sequence; divisions of a kabuki performance
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
I got it; I see; I now know; So that's the reason
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
dawn; daybreak; event (e.g. "in the event of ..."); occasion; occurrence
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to eat; to drink; to receive (e.g. a blow); to be on the receiving end (of something undesirable); to undergo (trouble)