indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
chirp; twitter; warble; whale tongue
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
preparation; arrangements; provision; getting ready; laying out (e.g. a meal)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
enough; sufficient; sufficiently; fully; division into ten
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
life; lifetime; career; for life; all one's life; throughout one's life
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
popularity; public favor; condition (e.g. market); tone; character
composition; piece of music; tune; melody; enjoyment; fun
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
number; number plate; license plate
my; one's own; personal; privately owned
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
to aim at (for, to do, to become); to try for; to have an eye on; to go toward; to head for
to be born; to come into the world
bonds (between people); (emotional) ties; relationship; tether; fetters
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to tie; to bind; to bear (fruit); to close (e.g. deal); to confirm; to connect (two distant places); to close tightly
mission; errand; task; duty; obligation
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to wake up; to awake; to awaken to (instinct, ability, perception, etc.); to become aware of; to come to one's senses
happiness; well-being; joy; welfare; blessedness
to spin; to make yarn; to spin (a tale); to assemble (e.g. words); to put together
many; much; plenty; hardly
memory; recollection; remembrance; storage
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of