indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
another (person); the other person; one more (person)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
gummi; gummi candy; gummi drop
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to be surprised; to be astonished
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
attack; assault; raid; criticism; censure; denunciation
dangerous; risky; in danger; in jeopardy; uncertain; unreliable
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
Formosan sweetgum (Liquidambar formosana)
immediately; at once; soon; before long; easily; readily
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
outside (e.g. of a building); exterior; outside (of a group, company, etc.); outside world
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
matter; affair; issue; matter; material; substance