indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
another (person); the other person; one more (person)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
gummy; gummi; gummi candy
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to be surprised; to be taken aback; to be amazed; to be frightened; to be startled; to be alarmed
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
continuously; the whole time; much (more); (by) far; far (away); long (ago, before, after)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
burst (tire, pipe, etc.); rupture; blowout; burst (radiation, signal, etc.)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
attack; assault; criticism; censure; cyber attack (e.g. DDoS)
dangerous; risky; in danger; in jeopardy; uncertain; unreliable
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
shelter; refuge; protected place
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
Formosan sweetgum (Liquidambar formosana)
immediately; at once; soon; before long; easily; readily
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
outside (e.g. of a building); exterior; outside (of a group, company, etc.); outside world
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
matter; affair; issue; matter; material; substance