indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
absolutely; definitely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
older sister; lass; young lady
hey!; say!; I say!; I; me
Zen monk's waistcoat (short, informal kasaya)
headquarters; head office; main office
call; summons; call; invocation; usher who calls the names of wrestlers, sweeps the ring, etc.; telephone number at which a person without a telephone can be reached; (arch.) box-shaped area containing clean water for rinsing oneself (in an Edo-period bathhouse)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to finish; to end; to have a result less severe than expected; to feel at ease; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
now; the present time; just now; another; more
you; before (a god, nobleman, etc.); in front of
deep (hole, forest, snow, etc.); dense (e.g. fog); thick (e.g. weeds, woods); close (e.g. relationship); deep (involvement); intense (e.g. longing, flavor); severe
memory; recollection; remembrance; memory; storage
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
restoration to life; coming to life again; reformation; rehabilitation; recycling; reclamation; playback
reason; cause; meaning; sense; (good) sense; reason
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
of course; certainly; naturally
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny
to raise; to raise up; to wake; to wake up; to cause; to bring about; to start
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
(distant) future; future existence; world beyond the grave; future (tense)
condition; state; health; state (of health); way; manner
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays