indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to shoot (at); to attack; to defeat; to destroy
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
listen!; you see; mind you; remember
tension; mental strain; nervousness
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
barrette; hair clip; hair slide; hair band
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to bend; to curve; to turn; to be awry; to be askew
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to cure; to heal; to fix; to correct; to do over again; to replace
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to laugh; to smile; to sneer; to ridicule; to be dumbfounded; to be flabbergasted
so much; so often; oh, yes!; that's it; that's right; quite
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
well then ...; in that situation; in which case
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the other day; a few days ago
East Germany (1949-1990); German Democratic Republic
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
flight from one's country; seeking asylum; defection; emigration (for political reasons); (going into) exile; becoming a (political) refugee
Mr; Mrs; clan; he; him; counter for people
wife and children; (arch.) wife
to accompany; to go hand in hand with; to be consequent upon; to be accompanied by; to bring with; to take with
mass communication; mass media
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to make an appearance; to show up
husband and wife; married couple
to get tired; to tire; to become worn out (of a well-used object); (arch.) to starve
state; state of affairs; appearance; look; sign; indication
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
light; well-lit; bright (of a colour); brightly-coloured; cheerful; bright; encouraging (for the future of a project, etc.)