indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to master (a skill); proprietor; manager; leader; chief; master (of arts, science, etc.); master (recording)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
New World (esp. the Americas, but also Australasia)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
suffix for familiar person
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
order; command; decree; (software) instruction; statement
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
wisdom; jnana (higher knowledge)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!