time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
underground; below the ground; world of the dead; the grave; underground (activities, movement, etc.); secret
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to regain one's footing; to get back on one's feet; to recover; (of the market) to improve
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
moreover; furthermore; nevertheless; and yet
grandfather (may be used after name as honorific); male senior-citizen (may be used after name as honorific)
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to cherish; to treasure; to prize; to take good care of; to look after
koto (13-stringed Japanese zither); (arch.) stringed instrument; zheng (Chinese zither); guzheng
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
considerable; great; important; significant; a big deal
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
isn't it?; don't you think?; right?; surely; come on
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to talk about; to speak of; to recite; to chant; to indicate; to show
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
to fall (e.g. blossoms, leaves); to scatter; to be dispersed; to disappear; to dissolve; to spread
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
large bird; peng (in Chinese mythology, giant bird said to transform from a fish); fenghuang (Chinese phoenix)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker