indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
honorific/polite/humble prefix
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
smell (esp. a good smell); fragrance; scent; aroma; perfume
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
husband; groom; (one's) son-in-law
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
young lady of noble birth; princess (esp. in Western contexts, tales, etc.); girl; small; cute; (arch.) prostitute
used to indicate respect for the listener (or reader)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
Genji (the character in the Genji Monogatari); the Minamoto family
only ...; no more than ...; a matter of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so