indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
cloth; fabric; dough; batter; inherent quality; one's true character; unglazed pottery
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
bread; (sweet) pastry; staff of life; one's bread
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
explosion; detonation; eruption; eruption (of discontent, etc.); outburst; outpouring
bamboo grass; generally smaller species of running bamboo that do not shed their sheaths (e.g. Sasa spp.)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
suffix for familiar person
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
black; black go stone; guilt; guilty person
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
ramen; Chinese-style noodles
in that way; thus; so; so?
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
to steam (food, towel, etc.); to be hot and humid; to be sultry
difference in temperature; difference in degrees of enthusiasm, interest, commitment, etc.
steamed bun; steamed bread
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...