indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
head (chief, director) of a section or department; head of a (school) club; head of a (school) team
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to the end; to the bitter end; to the last; after all; it must be remembered; only
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to defy; to disobey; to rebel against; to oppose; to resist
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
you; before (a god, nobleman, etc.); in front of
department (in an organization, company, etc.); division; club (at a school, university, etc.); team; part; portion
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
(not) particularly; (not) especially; (not) specially; separately; apart; additionally
myself; yourself; I; me; you
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to receive; to take; to get someone to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
script; libretto; scenario
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to pronounce; to read (e.g. a kanji)
feeling; sensation; tentative; rough; interjection
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
one-by-one; separately; every single; each and every; without omission
to be affected; to be theatrical; to be pompous
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it; I mean
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively; extreme
to speak badly (of); to speak ill (of); to bad-mouth
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
honorific/polite/humble prefix
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to protect (someone); to look after (e.g. an injured leg); to defend; to cover for; to stand up for; to stick up for
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
the old days; the past; former times; the past ten years; the past decade
woman; female; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
former girlfriend; ex-girlfriend
above; over; top; summit; surface; on (top of); the above (in a piece of writing)