indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
adds force or indicates command
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
the whole world; the whole country; society; the public; supremacy over a nation; government of a country; having one's own way
famous product; special product; speciality; specialty
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
than; from; out of; except; but; more
certainly; for sure; distinctly; clearly; firmly; tightly
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
Kyūshū (southernmost of the four main islands of Japan)