indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
adds force or indicates command
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
than; from; out of; except; but; more
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to say; to be called; to do
your Highness; his Highness; her Highness
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
already; now; no longer; not any more
reason; cause; circumstances
other; another; over; more than; I; me
mourning; abstinence; taboo; religious purification; pure; holy
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext