indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
chief advisor to the Emperor (adviser)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
honorific/polite/humble prefix
adds force or indicates command
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
than; from; out of; except; but; more
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
reason; cause; circumstances
certain; one; (arch.) I; (arch.) me
(one's) inner voice; voice of one's heart; what one really thinks
padre; title for Portuguese Jesuits (in Japan in the 16th century); Christianity; Christian
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
now; the present time; just now; another; more
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
this sort of; of this kind; of the sort; such
oak (esp. Quercus serrata)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do