honorific/polite/humble prefix
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
mound on which targets are placed (in archery); firing mound
than; from; out of; except; but; more
going into battle; departure for the front
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
entry into a castle (by a conquering force)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
great mountain; large mountain
small peninsula; cape; promontory; headland
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to kill (with a weapon); to defeat an opponent; to get someone out; to arrest; to take prisoner
reason; significance; cause; piece of information that one has heard; I hear that ...; it is said that ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
state ceremony; laborious; troublesome; irksome
to continue (for a long time); to occur in succession; to come next (e.g. on TV)
the whole world; the whole country; society; the public; supremacy over a nation; government of a country; having one's own way
(abstract) symbol; emblem; representation
(those) who are; (that) which is; in the capacity of
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
let me humbly say; most humbly; with all due respect
already; now; no longer; not any more
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
this sort of; of this kind; of the sort; such
power; authority; influence
sagacity; wisdom; intelligence
to perform some process; to apply some treatment; to revise; to correct
now; the present time; just now; another; more
as is; as it is; as things are; like this; this way; at this rate