indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
information; news; information (data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.); informatics (as a subject)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
to receive; to take; to get someone to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
this is why; that is the reason why; it is the case that; so; thus; with that
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to refuse; to reject; to inform; to give notice; to ask leave; to excuse oneself (from)
employer's house; master's house
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
disadvantage; handicap; unfavorable position
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to produce; to yield; to cause; to result from; to arise; to be generated
change; alteration; difference; distinction; something wrong; abnormality
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
well, ...; right, ...; so; then; that way (would mean ...); if that is the case
it cannot be helped; there's nothing for it; it's no use fighting back; it's hopeless; there is no way out of it
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
(military) expedition; campaign; expedition (for exploration, research, etc.); travelling (a long way); tour (by a sports team, performer, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to take (someone) with one; to bring along; to go with; to be accompanied by
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
but; however; provided that
essential; important; crucial; vital; main
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
story; tale; talk; discussion
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to concern; to be related
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
excluding; except (for); apart from; outside (a boundary, scope, etc.)
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
cooperation; collaboration; help; support
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
repulse; repelling (e.g. the enemy); driving back
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...