indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
information; news; intelligence; information; data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to refuse; to reject; to inform; to give notice; to ask leave; to excuse oneself (from)
employer's house; master's house
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
disadvantage; handicap; unfavorable position
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to produce; to yield; to cause; to result from; to arise; to be generated
change; alteration; difference; distinction; something wrong; abnormality
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
well then ...; in that situation; in which case
it cannot be helped; there's nothing for it; it's no use fighting back; it's hopeless; there is no way out of it
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
expedition; (military) campaign; tour (by a sports team, performer, etc.); visit
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to take (someone) with one; to bring along; to go with; to be accompanied by
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
but; however; provided that
essential; important; crucial; vital; main
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
story; tale; talk; discussion
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to concern; to be related
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
with the exception of; excepting; excluding
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
cooperation; collaboration
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
repulse; repelling (e.g. the enemy); driving back
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...