indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
suffix for familiar person
banknote; bill; note; paper money
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
karuta; traditional Japanese playing cards
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
war; battle; match; game; competition
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
honorific/polite/humble prefix
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer