indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
second-year student; second-year pupil; biennial; biennial plant
excursion; field trip; school trip
point; tip; head (of a line); front; first; before; (the way) ahead
Okinawa (city, prefecture)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to be (animate); to be; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed; to (have the audacity to) do
why; how; for what reason
third-year student; third-year pupil
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
when it comes to ...; if one were to speak of ...; by ... you mean ...; when you say ... you mean that ...; whenever ...; if it's ... then (without fail)
department (in an organization, company, etc.); division; club (at a school, university, etc.); team; part; portion
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
probably; likely; perhaps; a lot of; much; many
consequence; outcome; result; blame; fault
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
the old days; the past; former times; the past ten years; the past decade
failure; mistake; blunder
to be disheartened; to lose heart; to be sprained; to be snapped; to be broken
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
release; unleashing; liberation; deallocation (of computer memory)
young person; youngster; young people; (the) youth
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
naked; nude; unvarnished (e.g. truth); plain (e.g. fact); frank
sex life; sexual activities
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to send; to dispatch; to see (someone) off; to escort; to bid farewell to (the departed); to say goodbye to; to spend (time)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
tsk tsk; oh-oh; huh; what's that?
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
past; after; too (much); over- (e.g. eating)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo