indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
pupil in ... year; student in ... year
excursion; field trip; school trip
point; tip; head (of a line); front; first; before; (the way) ahead
Okinawa (city, prefecture)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
life; living; I; me; student
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
when it comes to ...; if one were to speak of ...; by ... you mean ...; when you say ... you mean that ...; whenever ...; if it's ... then (without fail)
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
perhaps; probably; generous; many; much
consequence; outcome; result; blame
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
failure; mistake; blunder
to be disheartened; to lose heart; to be sprained; to be snapped; to be broken
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
release; unleashing; liberation; deallocation (of computer memory)
young man; young woman; young people; youth; youngsters
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
naked; nude; unvarnished (e.g. truth); plain (e.g. fact); frank
sex life; sexual activities
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to send (a thing); to dispatch; to take or escort (a person somewhere); to see off (a person); to bid farewell (to the departed); to bury; to spend (time)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
tsk tsk; oh-oh; huh; what's that?
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
past; after; too (much); over- (e.g. eating)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do