jpdb beta

indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question

10

at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for

10

hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo

9

right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?

8

to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience

8

indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis

7

movie; film

7

be; is; did; (have) done; please; do

6

that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you

6

too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as

5

indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)

5

at; in; at; when; by; with; and then

5

to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)

5

I; me

4

be; is

3

the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...

3

good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial

3

was; were

3

suffix for familiar person

3

reservation; appointment; contract; subscription; programming (e.g. a device); setting (e.g. a timer)

3

if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question

2

indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very

2

nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible

2

and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing

2

honorific/polite/humble prefix

2

certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)

2

together (with); at the same time; in a lump

2

everyone; everybody; all; everything; all

2

was

2

as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also

2

it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...

2

after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.

2

as one would expect; just as you'd expect (from); still; all the same; even ... (e.g. "even a genius")

2

seat; location (of a gathering, etc.); place; position; post

2

hey; say; look

2

let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...

2

oh, yes?; really?

2

if it's the case

2

man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend

2

suspense

2

type A (blood, influenza, hepatitis, etc.)

2

from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)

1

to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed

1

to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing

1

this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")

1

but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...

1

you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...

1

in that way; thus; so; so?

1

to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become

1

to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk

1