indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
class (of students); group (of people); party; lot; bunch; crime family; organized-crime syndicate
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
battle formation; camp; encampment; group; gang; war
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
ghost; apparition; phantom; spectre; specter; demon
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
in the meanwhile; during the time
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
one day; (on) a certain day
to curse; to cast a spell; to haunt; to cause a bad result; to bring about a negative outcome
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
name; given name; first name
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
together; jointly; at the same time; with; both
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
curse; divine punishment; wrath (of an angry spirit)
to untie; to unfasten; to unsew; to unstitch; to solve; to work out; to dispel (misunderstanding, etc.)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
to hide; to be hidden; to conceal oneself; to disappear
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
adds force or indicates command
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
boo! (sound used to scare someone); ugh (dissatisfaction, aggravation); ulp (consternation)
cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship