upper part; upper region; region above
rakugo; traditional Japanese comic storytelling; comic story (told by a professional storyteller)
medium (size); average (grade, level, etc.); in; within; during; while; currently (doing)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to differ (from); to be different; to be wrong; to be incorrect; to become abnormal; to go wrong
the other day; previously; last time; last (Sunday, summer, etc.); previous (e.g. mayor, chapter)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
standing panel used in Kansai-area rakugo to hide the performer's legs from view; (lit.) knee-hider
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
before oneself; in front of one; a bit before reaching (a location); this side (of a location); one's standpoint; one's appearance; skill
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
the old days; the past; former times; the past ten years; the past decade
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
with a clatter; with a rattle; persistently (complaining, etc.); annoyingly; messy; cluttered
to strike; to hit; to attack; to bash; to sound out (someone's views); to pound (meat or fish); to chop into small pieces
to talk; to chat; to chatter
because; as; since; because of that; therefore; accordingly
to be; to come; to go; to be (doing)
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
side (of something, or taking someone's side); part; (watch) case
wooden rods (square, used in a pair) used in Kansai-area rakugo (e.g. to mark scene changes); small clapper
to say; to be called; to do
small; little; slight; below average (in degree, amount, etc.); low (e.g. sound); soft (e.g. voice)
paper-covered folded fan used in noh and storytelling; paper fan used in slapstick comedy
finely chopped fish or meat (sometimes seared first); mince; hitting (e.g. a drum); striking; bashing; criticizing; robbery
skin; hide; rind; peel; shell; sheath
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to make; to manufacture; to build; to construct; to prepare; to get ready; to dress (oneself in)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
in this way; like this; this (much); so; uh; er
noisy; loud; much talked of; much-discussed; strict; severe
to ring; to sound; to be popular; to be esteemed; to state; to insist
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
a long time (since the last time); first in a long time; it's been a long time; long time no see
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
great; excellent; distinguished; important; awful; terrible