upper part; upper region; region above
rakugo; traditional Japanese comic storytelling; comic story (told by a professional storyteller)
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
some time ago; recently; lately; last (Sunday, etc.); previous
in; on; at (place); as for; regarding
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
standing panel used in Kansai-area rakugo to hide the performer's legs from view; (lit.) knee-hider
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
before oneself; in front of one; a bit before reaching (a location); this side (of a location); one's standpoint; one's appearance; skill
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
clatter; clank; rattling; capsule toy vending machine
to strike; to clap; to play drums; to abuse; to bash; to consult; to sound out
to talk; to chat; to chatter
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
side (of something, or taking someone's side); part; (watch) case
wooden rods (square, used in a pair) used in Kansai-area rakugo (e.g. to mark scene changes); small clapper
to say; to be called; to do
small; little; slight; below average (in degree, amount, etc.); low (e.g. sound); soft (e.g. voice)
paper-covered folded fan used in noh and storytelling; paper fan used in slapstick comedy
finely chopped fish or meat (sometimes seared first); mince; hitting (e.g. a drum); striking; bashing; criticizing
skin; hide; rind; peel; shell; sheath
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
in this way; thus; such; uh...
noisy; loud; much talked of; much-discussed; strict; severe
to ring; to sound; to be popular; to be esteemed; to state; to insist
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
a long time (since the last time); first in a long time
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
great; excellent; very troublesome; awful; tiring; tough
unskilled; clumsy; lousy; poor; awkward; shitty