indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
educational institution; school; academy; campus
living; life (one's daily existence); livelihood
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to go into; to come into; to penetrate; to become complicated
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
society; public; community; social studies
inspection; study by observation; field trip; sitting out (e.g. PE class)
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to operate (e.g. a machine); to handle; to have a good command of (a language); to play proficiently (of a musical instrument); to work (a puppet); to pull the strings of a puppet
to rush on; to attack; to swoop down on
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
only; merely; but; no more than
one day; all day (long); throughout the day; first day of the month
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
what?!; what did you say?!; why?; what for?; anyone; anything
(a) little; somewhat; somehow
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
anyhow; at any rate; anyway; somehow or other; generally speaking; in any case
to snatch away; to dispossess; to steal
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back