light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
garden (esp. man-made); orchard; park; place; location
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
thanks to ...; owing to ...; because of ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
unthinkable; unexpected; absolutely not!; far from it!; (it was) no bother at all; not at all
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
to get stuck with (some job); to end up with (something unpleasant)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
anyhow; at any rate; anyway; somehow or other; generally speaking; in any case
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
mission; errand; task; duty; obligation
what?!; what did you say?!; why?; what for?; anyone; anything
normal; ordinary; normally; ordinarily; local train; train that stops at every station
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
educational institution; school; academy; campus
living; life (one's daily existence); livelihood
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
society; public; community; social studies
inspection; study by observation; field trip; sitting out (e.g. PE class)
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
in a daze; absent-mindedly; dimly; hazily; with a roar (of flames); with a whoosh
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh