light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indication; sign; hint; tone (of the market)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to erase; to delete; to turn off (power); to switch off; to extinguish; to put out
stone; jewel; precious stone; flint (in a lighter); stone (in go); stone (in the bladder, kidney etc.); calculus
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
garden (esp. man-made); orchard; park; place; location
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
any more; any further; any better; any longer
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
revival (e.g. musical); come-back; restoration; rebirth; resurrection
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
time; hour; period; class
to leave (behind); to leave (undone); to not finish; to save; to set aside; to leave (to someone, esp. after one's death)
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
as is; as it is; as things are; like this; this way; at this rate
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
itself; one's own body; oneself; originally; naturally
duration; continuance; survival; persistence; retention
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
way (of doing); manner; method; means
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
and yet; though; when; in spite of
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise