indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
natural; reasonable; obvious; usual; common; ordinary
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
before one's eyes; in front of one; under one's nose; immediate; imminent; around the corner
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be raised (e.g. child); to be brought up; to grow (up)
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
north-east; Tōhoku (northernmost six prefectures of Honshu); Tohoku
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
cattle (Bos taurus); cow; beef; Chinese "Ox" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus); domestic chicken; chicken meat
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
than; from; out of; except; but; more
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
old person; senior citizen; the aged; the elderly
the same generation; coeval
really; truly; indeed; good grief
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
the number of people; many people; a large number of people; (counted as an) adult
insufficiency; deficiency; shortage; dissatisfaction; discontent; complaint
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to play (games, sports); to enjoy oneself; to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.); to be idle; to do nothing; to meet up (with friends); to hang out
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
alone; by oneself; on one's own
insect; bug; worm; roundworm; one's emotions; one's feelings; nervousness
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take; to catch; to capture
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
book; volume; this; present; main; head