indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to air; to dry; to drain (off); to drink up; to deprive of a role, job, etc.
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
telephone call; phone call; telephone (device); phone
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to sound; to ring; to resound; to echo; to roar; to rumble
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
hello (e.g. on phone); excuse me! (when calling out to someone)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
thin; slender; fine; unlucky
to speak; to hear a voice
now; the present time; just now; another; more
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
phone scam involving a pretended relative
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
to put oneself on guard; to stand ready; to square off
it's been a long time; long time no see
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
to be heard; to be audible; to sound (like); to come across (as); to be well known; to be famous
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
hello; good day; good afternoon
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
owner; proprietor; possessor (e.g. of talent, beauty, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
a few years ago; some years back
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
one's house; one's home; one's family
to look after; to take care of; to be put in charge of; to be given responsibility for; to withhold (an announcement); to reserve (judgment)
boy; son; baby boy; young man
a long time (since the last time); first in a long time; it's been a long time; long time no see
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest