what did you just say (to me)?; what's that?
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to miss one's chance to say; to fail to mention
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
excuse me; pardon me; I'm sorry; thank you; you shouldn't have; it's too much
father; dad; husband; you (of an elderly person older than the speaker); he
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
father; father (e.g. of a discipline); pioneer (e.g. of field of research); God; Father
that is to say; so that means
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
to experience chest pain; to have a pain in one's chest; to feel sick at heart; to have one's heart ache; to be anguished
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
to differ (from); to be different; to be wrong; to be incorrect; to become abnormal; to go wrong
to hurt; to ache; to feel a pain; to be injured; to be spoiled (e.g. food); to be damaged
place; location; room; space; sumo tournament
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
the person in question; prominent figure; distinguished person; that person
what time; (lit.) which hour
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
is it?; isn't it?; be; is
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
tension; strain; tensions (between countries, groups, etc.); tonus; muscle tone
honorific/polite/humble prefix
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; intention; mind; mood
to divert (e.g. one's mind); to distract; to relieve (boredom, sorrow, etc.); to conceal (e.g. one's grief with a smile); to hide; to shift (the conversation)
is that so?; I see; right; oh