year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
last (i.e. immediately preceding); previous; pre- (e.g. premodern); before; before; earlier
above ground; on the ground; earth's surface; this world; this earth
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
zhen (one of the trigrams of the I Ching: thunder, east)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
not yet known; unknown; strange
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
natural calamity; disaster
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to attack; to assail; to succeed (someone in a post, role, etc.); to make a sudden visit
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cause; to induce; to bring about; to pull upright; to help up (e.g. a fallen person)
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
ordinary citizen; the general public
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
now; the present time; just now; another; more
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
reserve; constraint; declining; refraining; forethought; foresight
to be needed; to be wanted
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
saucepan; pot; stew; hot pot
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine