year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
last (i.e. immediately preceding); previous; pre- (e.g. premodern); before; before; earlier
above ground; on the ground; earth's surface; this world; this earth
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
zhen (one of the trigrams of the I Ching: thunder, east)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
not yet known; unknown; strange
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
natural disaster; natural calamity; act of God
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to attack; to assail; to succeed (someone in a post, role, etc.); to make a sudden visit
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cause; to induce; to bring about; to pull upright; to help up (e.g. a fallen person)
girl (usu. between 7 and 17); young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryō period)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
ordinary citizen; the general public
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
existence; being; presence
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
now; the present time; just now; another; more
come (on); come now; all right; right; well; hmm
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
reserve; constraint; declining; refraining; forethought; foresight
to be needed; to be necessary; to be required; to be wanted; to need; to want
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
foolish question; stupid question; one's question
pan; pot; saucepan; stew; hot pot
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
to receive; to take; to get someone to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine