indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
mallow (any plant of family Malvaceae); Asarum caulescens (species of wild ginger); hollyhock
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
in that way; thus; so; so?
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
Genji (the character in the Genji Monogatari); the Minamoto family
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
now; the present time; just now; another; more
at last; finally; barely; narrowly; just
that gentleman; that lady; he; she
Lord; Sir; state minister (under the ritsuryo system); (arch.) you (in reference to someone of lower status)
Ministry of War (Tang-dynasty China)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...