to shine; to glitter; to be bright
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
last drink (of sake); last glass; last cup
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be defeated; to be beaten; to be unsuccessful; to lose
capital (esp. Kyoto, Japan's former capital); seat of government; capital (of music, fashion, etc.); city (e.g. of light); location of the Imperial Palace
than; from; out of; except; but; more
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
honorific/polite/humble prefix
heartrending; pitiful; saddening; pathetic; heart-breaking
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
two (long cylindrical things)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
Amitabha's Pure Land; Sukhavati
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
prohibition; interdiction; forbidden; prohibited
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
crime; sin; penalty; sentence; fault; responsibility
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pile up; to heap up; to stack up; to repeat many times over; to go through repeatedly; to accumulate
hell on earth; living hell
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)