indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
emperor (of Japan); mikado
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
honorific/polite/humble prefix
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Genji (the character in the Genji Monogatari); the Minamoto family
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
no!; no no!; no, not at all
rebellion; uprising; insurrection; (arch.) treason