indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
to shine; to glitter; to be bright
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
honorific/polite/humble prefix
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
that gentleman; that lady; he; she
acorn barnacle (Balanomorpha spp.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
emperor (of Japan); mikado
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
wife (esp. one's own wife); court lady; female court attache; (arch.) woman (esp. as a love interest)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
beautiful; pretty; lovely; sweet; pure (heart, friendship, etc.)
in that way; thus; so; so?
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to build up; to establish; to form; to become (a state); to accomplish; to achieve; to change into