indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
so much (something) as to (e.g. so moved as to cry); overwhelmed; carried away; because of too much
to fall ill; to be taken ill
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
death; (an) out; death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation; most severe of the five ritsuryō punishments)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
blow; shock; strike; batting
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
a little; a bit; a little while; a short time; a little way; a short distance
to become better; to improve
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
don't you think?; indicates question
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
illness (usu. excluding minor ailments, e.g. common cold); disease; bad habit; bad behaviour; crazy; insane
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
there is no need to ...; never happens; there is never a time when
it seems that ...; it appears that ...; is like ...; is similar to ...
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
all; completely; totally; entirely; thoroughly
to become weak; to decline; to wear; to abate; to decay; to wither
to be (animate); to be; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed; to (have the audacity to) do
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
another person; other people; unrelated person (i.e. not related by blood); outsider; stranger
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
it cannot be helped; there's nothing for it; it's no use fighting back; it's hopeless; there is no way out of it
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
by myself; in person; by oneself
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
willpower; energy; vitality
to take back; to get back; to regain; to recover; to restore; to recoup
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least