indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
in that way; thus; so; so?
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
please (give me); please (do for me)
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit
that child; that kid; that boy; (arch.) you
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?