indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
home town; birthplace; native place; (arch.) ruins; (arch.) historic remains
to face; to go towards; to head towards
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at last; finally; barely; narrowly; just
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at that time; in those days
under control (e.g. of territory)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
far; distant; distant (past); remote (in time); distant (relationship or kinship); having little to do (with someone); far (from something else in quality, degree, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
to continue; to last; to continue (without a break); to be unbroken; to occur again and again; to lead to; to connect to
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
two persons; two people; pair; couple
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
part; portion; amount; worth (as in "two days' worth"); one's means; one's place; one's duty
refreshing; exhilarating; invigorating; bracing
how much; something over; and something; however (much); no matter how
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to pay (e.g. money, bill); to brush off; to wipe away; to drive away (e.g. one's competitors); to sell off (something unneeded); to dispose of; to pay (e.g. attention)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be needed; to be wanted