indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
honorific/polite/humble prefix
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
than; from; out of; except; but; more
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
explanation; exposition; description; account; caption; legend
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow