you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
lesson; class work; teaching; instruction
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
feeling; sense; impression
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
excuse me; pardon me; I'm sorry; thank you
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
(abstract) symbol; emblem; representation
to stand on a podium; to teach; to be a teacher
state; state of affairs; appearance; look; sign; indication
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
how; in what way; how about
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
highest peak; highest mountain; greatest authority; most prominent person; pinnacle (e.g. of art)
myself; yourself; I; me; you
being enrolled (at a school); being registered; being a member (of a team, organization, etc.)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
intentionally; deliberately; designedly; especially; particularly
consciousness; becoming aware (of); awareness; mano-vijnana (mental consciousness, cognizer of sensory information)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
dignity; majesty; solemnity; gravity
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
personality; style; appearance
of course; certainly; naturally
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
student (esp. a university student)