indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
lover; sweetheart; boyfriend; girlfriend
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
truth; reality; sincerity; honesty; content; substance
name; given name; first name
friendship; friendly relations; connection; relation; intimacy
indicates two contrasting actions; (arch.) indicates possessive (often found in place names and compound words)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to anyone; to everyone; by anyone; by everyone; in everyone; in anyone
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
well then ...; in that situation; in which case
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
half-sibling (with a different mother)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
(of a lie, etc.) obvious; transparent
attitude; manner; behaviour; attitude (towards an issue, etc.); position; stance
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)